Battery schedule

The plan the EMS makes for the battery under the cost-optimization strategy, when no external signal is active.

The battery schedule is the forward-looking plan the EMS makes for the battery: when to charge, when to discharge, and when to stay idle over the coming period.

It is produced when both of the following are true:

• the project's control strategy is set to Cost optimization, and

• no external signal is active, that is, no external partner is currently steering the installation.

If an external signal partner is actively steering the battery, that signal takes precedence and the battery schedule does not apply. When the partner is on standby, the battery falls back to the cost-optimization schedule.

What it optimizes for

Under the cost-optimization strategy, the schedule aims to minimize the energy cost of the installation: energy is stored when it is cheap and used when it is expensive.

To build the plan, the EMS combines:

• Forecasted energy prices: the dynamic (day-ahead) electricity prices for the project.

• Forecasted PV production: the expected solar output.

• Forecasted consumption: the expected load of the installation.

From these it determines the charge/discharge plan with the lowest cost, while respecting:

• the battery's state-of-charge limits (minimum and maximum SoC), and

• the grid connection limits (maximum injection and consumption).

How the schedule is built

The schedule is planned ahead of time over the forecast horizon and is recomputed every control cycle as new price and production forecasts come in.

Each cycle the EMS:

1. Looks ahead at the forecasted prices, PV production and consumption.

2. Identifies the periods worth covering from the battery, typically the expensive consumption slots (and attractive injection slots).

3. Plans the charging beforehand (from PV surplus where available, otherwise from the grid during cheaper periods) so the energy is already stored before it is needed.

4. Checks that it is worthwhile. Charging and discharging are only planned when the price difference between the cheap and expensive periods is large enough to outweigh the battery's round-trip losses (a configurable minimum price difference). Cycling the battery for a marginal gain is avoided.

5. Respects the limits: the battery's minimum/maximum state of charge and the grid connection limits (maximum injection and consumption).

Every entry is tracked from planned to in progress to done, so the actual charging/discharging can be compared against what was planned and the remaining plan adjusted if reality differs from the forecast.

Scheduled events

The schedule is a sequence of timed entries. Each entry describes a single planned event with two parts: an action (what the battery does during that period) and a goal (why it does it).

Actions

Action	What the battery does
Follow scheduled power	Follows the exact planned power setpoint, used for grid charging and for discharging to inject into the grid.
Charge at max power	Charges at the maximum available power.
Compensate PV surplus	Charges with the current PV surplus only (no grid charging).
Compensate production deficit	Discharges to cover the current production deficit.
Idle	No activity is planned; the battery may stay idle.

Goals

Goal	Meaning
Charge for expensive slot	Charge now, while it is cheap, to cover an upcoming expensive period.
Charge (negative price)	Charge because the electricity price is negative, so you are paid to consume.
Discharge expensive slot	Discharge during an expensive period to avoid buying from the grid.
Discharge before negative	Discharge ahead of a negative-price period, so there is room to charge during it.
Discharge for injection	Discharge to inject (sell) into the grid when the injection price is attractive.
No action	Nothing to do for this period.

For example, an event can be "follow scheduled power" with the goal "discharge for injection": the battery follows a planned discharge setpoint in order to inject energy into the grid during an attractive injection price.

Example: evening high prices

The chart below shows the evening high prices scenario from the simulator. Electricity is cheap during the day and becomes much more expensive in the evening: the consumption price jumps to roughly 450 €/MWh between about 18:00 and 00:00.

The battery charges during the cheap, sunny daytime and discharges during the expensive evening peak.

What the schedule does:

• Daytime (≈ 08:00–16:30): charging. While prices are low and PV is producing, the battery charges (positive battery power). Most of this is PV surplus being stored; the goal is to charge for the expensive slot later in the day. The state of charge climbs from near-empty to its maximum (≈ 95%).

• Evening peak (≈ 18:00–00:00): discharging. When the consumption price spikes, the battery discharges (negative battery power) to cover the load instead of buying from the grid. This is the discharge during an expensive slot goal, and the state of charge drops steeply.

• Overnight: winding down. Once prices return to normal, the battery is left to settle back towards its minimum state of charge.

By shifting the stored energy from the cheap daytime into the expensive evening, the installation avoids buying at the peak price, exactly what the cost-optimization schedule is designed to do.